![]() ![]() The convergences that have been highlighted in this comparative study should be developmentally investigated directly in parallel in future studies.Īpocynaceae, Orchidaceae, angiosperm flower development, flower evolution, flower symmetry, synorganization, congenital fusion, postgenital fusion, pollinium, pollinarium, species diversity. In contrast to synorganized parts, the corona appears developmentally late.Ĭonclusions Synorganization of floral organs may lead to a large number of convergences in clades that are only very distantly related. One of the most conspicuous such novel structures in Apocynaceae is the corona, which is not the product of synorganization of existing organs however, it is probably enhanced by synorganization of other, existing, floral parts. Synorganization (or complexity) also paves the way for novel structures. ![]() Key Findings There is a tendency of protracted development of synorganized parts in Apocynaceae and Orchidaceae (development of synorganization of two or more organs begins earlier the more accentuated it is at anthesis). Based on this and my own studies on flowers in various Apocynaceae and Orchidaceae and complex flowers in other angiosperms with scanning electron microscopy and with microtome section series, a review on convergent floral traits in flower development and architecture in the two families is presented. Scope For this study an extensive search through the morphological literature has been conducted. In each family extensive studies on flower development and evolution have been performed however, newer comparative studies focusing on flower synorganization and involving both families together are lacking. They are unrelated, the former in eudicots, the latter in monocots, but they converge in the formation of pollinia and pollinaria, which do not occur in any other angiosperm family, and for which extreme synorganization of floral organs is a precondition. Background and Aims Apocynaceae and Orchidaceae are two angiosperm families with extreme flower synorganization. ![]()
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